3. New forms of Central Government emerged.

• regulates foreign trade
• controls exchange within the city
• control activities of specialists
• levy taxes and appoint tax collectors
• resolve disputes - laws
• state monopoly on violence/force
• maintain a standing army
• construct  public works – such as irrigation ditches, temples, defensive works

4. Social Stratification  
    (social classes - not kin groups) 
     
    kleptocracy - taking of wealth by elite.

    Elite marked by differences in

• wealth, power and authority
• overall health
• dwelling size and complexity
• appearance in written records and depictions in murals and carvings