Early Modern Period
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CCD HISTORY 101 - History of Western Civilization 1
Early Modern Period
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The Medici Archive Project
http://www.jhu.edu/~medici/medici.htm
The Archive Project at John Hopkins University provides a starting point for
research on the Medici, including a guide to the humanities documents database,
including formatted reports on patrons, artists, topics, places.
The Medici of Florence
http://www.arca.net/tourism/florence/medici.htm
This site provides 10 chapters on the Medici family, from the predecessors of
Lorenzo the Magnificent through the end of the dynasty.
Niccolo Machiavelli
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/MACHIAV.HTM
This site is part of the World Cultures Home Page by Richard Hooker. It presents
biographical information on Machiavelli, illustrations, and a link to Chapter 18
of The Prince ("Should a Prince Remain True to his Word?").
Pico della Mirandola
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/PICO.HTM
World Cultures Home Page provides information about
humanism as well a portrait of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and his
"Oration on the Dignity of Man," a document that has been considered a
"manifesto" of the Italian Renaissance.
Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library and Renaissance Culture
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/toc.html
This comprehensive web site from the Library of Congress provides information
about numerous aspects of Renaissance culture and its links to the ancient
world. Included are links to the Vatican Library, archaeology, humanism,
mathematics, music, medicine, nature, and the Orient.
Early Modern: The Italian Renaissance
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/CONTENTS.HTM
Essays on various aspects of the Italian
Renaissance, including a background study, humanism, Neo-Platonists, Leonardo da
Vinci, Niccolo Machiavelli, visual arts and architecture. Site also provides
a timeline, a gallery, a glossary, suggested readings and an atlas. It is part
of the World Cultures Home Page by Richard Hooker.
Bellini
http://sunsite.unc.edu/cjackson/bellini/index.html
This site provides images of paintings and a biographical profile of Giovanni
Bellini, the Venetian painter who is described here as "the presiding
genius of early Renaissance painting in Venice."
The Early Renaissance in Florence: Tour of the National Gallery of Art
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg4/gg4-main1.html
The National Gallery of Art's site provides images and information about art and
artists of Florence, featuring contributions of Brunelleschi's architecture,
Donatello's sculpture, and Masaccio's painting.
Leonardo da Vinci
http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/vinci/
The Web Museum Paris site provides biographical information as well as numerous
images of the work of Leonardo.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
http://www.michelangelo.com/buonarroti.html
This web site provides biographical information about Michelangelo.
A New Perspective on Science and Art
http://library.thinkquest.org/3257/index.html
This web site explores the use of perspective in art during the 15th to 17th
centuries. Options available at the site are a tour of the Virtual Gallery,
short biographies of the artists featured in the web museum, and discussion of
the scientific principles employed by the artists.
Raphael's Eliodoro Ceiling: New Iconographic Considerations
http://harpy.uccs.edu/eliodoro/elio.html
This web site by Professor Kathryn V. Andrus-Walck provides analysis of the
Stanze in the Vatican Palace named after the subject of its primary fresco
decoration, the Expulsion of Eliodorus from the Temple. The famous fresco was
painted between 1512 and 1514 by Raphael Sanzio, an artist favored by Pope
Julius II, and a rival of Michelangelo.
Selected Poetry of Michelangelo
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/MICHEL1.HTM
This web site from Richard Hooker and the World Cultures Home Page provides a
sample of poetry from Michelangelo. Hooker writes that "the three sonnets
explore . . . conflicting emotions over homosexual desire in a culture that
thoroughly condemned both homosexuality and explicit representation of
homosexual desire."
Visit the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
http://sunserv.kfki.hu/~arthp/tours/sistina/index.html
This web site provides a guided tour of the Sistine Chapel including the famous
ceiling frescoes of Michelangelo.
Albrecht Durer
http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/durer/
This web site from the WebMuseum, Paris provides biographical information as
well as images and analysis.
The Book of the Courtier
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/courtier/courtier.html
The primary source from Renascence Editions is a transcription by Richard Bear
of the University of Oregon from Sir Thomas Hoby's English translation of The
Book of the Courtier (1561).
Hieronymus Bosch
http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/bosch/
This web site from the WebMuseum, Paris provides a biographical sketch of the
Dutch painter described by Carl Gustav Jung as ``the master of the monstrous...
the discoverer of the unconscious.'' The site includes images and analysis of
Bosch's paintings.
Jan Brueghel the Elder
http://sunsite.auc.dk/cgfa/jbrueghel1/
This WebMuseum, Paris site displays numerous images of Brueghel's paintings as
well as a biographical summary.
Jan Van Eyck
http://sunsite.unc.edu/wm/paint/auth/eyck/
WebMuseum, Paris presents a biographical profile and the work of this 15th
century Flemish painter.
Machiavelli Online
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~pgrose/mach/
This University of Pennsylvania site provides links to primary texts, essays,
critiques and biographical information about Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), the
Italian political and military theorist.
Manuscripts, Books and Maps: The Printing Press and the Changing World
http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Books/booktext.html
This web site is based on a series of lectures given by Chandra Mukerji of the
University of California, San Diego. The site explores the development of the
printed book in relation to the Renaissance and Reformation and provides links
to illustrations, including illuminated manuscripts.
A New Perspective on Science and Art
http://library.thinkquest.org/3257/
This Thinkquest web site explores the use of perspective in art from the 15th to the 17th
centuries. Options available at the site are a tour of the Virtual Gallery,
short biographies of the artists featured in the web museum, and discussion of
the scientific principles employed by the artists.
Printing: Renaissance and Reformation
http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/renprint/renprint.html
This site from the Thomas Cooper Library in South Carolina provides access to
images of rare books and manuscripts of the Renaissance and Reformation ,
including illuminated manuscripts.
Renaissance Period from ClassicalNet
http://www.classical.net/music/rep/lists/ren.html#josquin
This web site provides links to biographical descriptions of Renaissance
composers as well as lists of compositions.
Early Coinage of Moscow
http://www.ece.iit.edu/~prh/coins/PiN/ecm.html
This web site by Gerard Anaszewicz, complete with illustrations and
bibliography, describes the coinage system of Moscow and its relationship to the
political situations of the day.
Jan Hus
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07584b.htm
This biographical essay from the Catholic Encyclopedia describes the
accomplishments of this important fifteenth century Czech priest.
The Ottomans
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM
This web site, part of the World Cultures Home Page by Richard Hooker, provides
an overview of the Ottoman Empire.
The Age of Exploration Curriculum Guide: The Portuguese Explorers and The
Explorations of Christopher Columbus
http://www.mariner.org/age/menu.html
This web site from the Mariner's Museum provides links to exploration data
including the Portuguese explorers, Christopher Columbus, and the first
circumnavigation of the earth.
The Beginnings of the European Slave Trade
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/DIASPORA/SLAVE.HTM
This essay is part of the World Cultures Home Page by Richard Hooker.
Christopher Columbus: His Gastronomic Persona
http://www.castellobanfi.com/features/story_3.html
This web site provides information about the diet and food available on the
voyages of Columbus and in the New World and the treatment of Columbus upon his
return to Spain.
Columbus and the Age of Discovery
http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/
This site provides links to an extensive body of research on Columbus and many
explorers of the era.
The Columbus Navigation Home Page
http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/
This web site by Keith A. Pickering provides details of navigation during the
era of Columbus as well as information about the ships, crew and theories about
landing points.
Conflict of the Gods
http://www.umich.edu/~proflame/texts/mirror/conflict.html
This web exhibit from the University of Michigan explores the impact of the
Spanish expedition of Hernán Cortés.
The Economics of the African Slave Trade
http://www.dse.de/za/lis/ci/slavetrad.htm
In this essay, Anika Francis asserts that the "voyages of Christopher
Columbus marked the starting point of world capitalism and the beginning of
Europe's colonial domination of the world."
Ferdinand Magellan
http://www.mariner.org/age/magellan.html
This web site from the Mariner's Museum provides an overview of the
circumnavigation of the globe by Magellan.
Ferdinand Magellan
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/09526b.htm
Biographical sketch from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
1492: An Ongoing Voyage
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/1492/intro.html
The exhibition "1492: AN ONGOING VOYAGE" by the Library of Congress
describes both pre- and post-contact America, as well as the Mediterranean world
of the time.
Henry the Navigator
http://www.win.tue.nl/cs/fm/engels/discovery/henry.html
This essay by Andre Engels used Daniel J. Boorstin's The Discoverers to provide
biographical information about this important Portuguese figure.
Latitude: The Science of Sailing the World
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/
This web site explores the impact of the knowledge of latitude on European ocean
travel between 1440 and 1516.
The Council of Trent: Canons and Decrees
http://history.hanover.edu/early/trent.htm
This site from Hanover College provides the primary text (as edited by J.
Waterworth in 1848) of the canons and decrees of this important meeting of
church reformers.
Henry VIII
http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html
This web site from Britannia Internet Magazine provides a biographical sketch of
Henry VIII.
John Calvin
http://www.ccel.org/c/calvin/calvin.html
This essay by Mark Browning from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library at
Wheaton College describes the influential French Swiss theologian.
Project Wittenberg
http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html
This site provides links to many primary and secondary sources on the
Reformation including selected writings of Martin Luther.
The Reformation
http://www.lepg.org/religion.htm
This web site (from Le Poulet Gauche of the Society for Creative Anachronism)
provides an overview of the Reformation as well as a table comparing the
doctrinal differences between the Catholics and the Protestants.
Reformation
http://www.mun.ca/rels/reform/index.html
This web site by Dr. Hans Rollman at Memorial University in Newfoundland
provides an extensive set of links to primary and secondary sources on the
Reformation including a number of the works of Luther, Calvin and Zwingli.
Reformation Ink
http://www.markers.com/ink/
Confessional site on the Reformation from the "Society of Classical
Protestants." Contains links to contemporary and classic Protestant
resources.
The Reformation in Germany
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/dres/dres3.html
This Library of Congress exhibit is from the Treasures of the Saxon State
Library and provides an overview of the Reformation.
The Trial of St. Thomas More, 1535
http://www.wwlia.org/uk-more.htm
This web site provides an overview of the trial and beheading of Thomas More,
author of Utopia and associate of King Henry VIII.
Domestic Life: From the Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/5-8.html
This essay on domestic life in Italy is part of the Swiss historian Jacob
Burckhardt's classic 1860 study of the Renaissance.
English Renaissance Reenactment Home Page
http://www.st-mike.org/welcome.html
This web site provides a variety of information on topics as diverse as
medicine, coins, clothing and vendors during the period of the Renaissance.
Equality of Men and Women: From the Civilization of the Renaissance in
Italy
http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/5-7.html
Another chapter from Burckhardt's classic study, this page addresses gender
equality during the Renaissance.
Europe and Africa in the Fifteenth Century
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/DIASPORA/EUROPE.HTM
This web site from the World Cultures Home Page by Richard Hooker considers the
mercantile expansion of European culture and its impact on the history of
slavery and colonialism.
The Expulsion of the Jews, 1492
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1492-jews-spain1.html
This text, written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in 1495, is part of the Internet
Jewish History Sourcebook. It provides a detailed account of the expulsion of
Jews from Spain and its consequences.
Medieval and Renaissance Food Home Page
http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/food.html
This web site from Society for Creative Anachronism Arts and Sciences homepage
provides primary source information, articles and recipes from the Renaissance
period.
Wi
Witchcraft
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jup/witches/
This site from Rutgers University includes a timeline, as well as information on
people, places and artwork associated with witchcraft. bibliography http://www.hist.unt.edu/witch01b.htm
Women's Circle: Ladies of St. Michael's
http://www.st-mike.org/groups/women/
This site from the St. Michael's Guild, a Renaissance Reenactment group,
provides information on food and bathing during the Renaissance.
A Biography of Ignatius Loyola
http://www.luc.edu/jesuit/ignatius.bio.html
This web site by the Rev. Norman O'Neal, S.J. (Le Moyne College of New York)
provides an overview of the life of Ignatius Loyala, Spanish founder of the
Jesuit Order.
The Council of Trent: Canons and Decrees
http://history.hanover.edu/early/trent.htm
This site from Hanover College provides the primary text (as edited by J.
Waterworth in 1848) of the canons and decrees of this important meeting of
church reformers.
The Counter Reformation
http://www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Counter/Counter.Htm
This web site from Michigan State University provides a number of links to
primary texts concerning the sixteenth century Catholic response to the
Reformation called the Counter-Reformation.
The Expulsion of the Jews, 1492
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1492-jews-spain1.html
This text, written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in 1495, is part of the Internet
Jewish History Sourcebook. It provides a detailed account of the expulsion of
Jews from Spain and its consequences.
The Inquisition
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/08026a.htm
This Catholic Encyclopedia article provides a summary of the tribunal known as
The Inquisition.
National Gallery of Art Tour: El Greco
http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/gg29/gg29-main1.html
This tour from the National Gallery of Art presents the most important
collection outside of Spain of the works of this Greek-born artist whose
"style vividly expressed the passion of Counter-Reformation Spain."
St. Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/loyola-spirex.html
This site from the Internet Medieval Source Book presents the Spiritual
Exercises of Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order, a document that
established rules for the Order and for the Christian life.
Saint Teresa of Avila
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/14515b.htm
This site from the Catholic Encyclopedia provides a biographical sketch of the
sixteenth century visionary who founded the Carmelite order of nuns.
The Dutch Declaration of Independence, 1581
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1581dutch.html
The Dutch Declaration of Independence, from the Internet Modern History
Sourcebook features the concept that "rulers are responsible to the people
and can be deposed by them," a significant idea in the development of
constitutional and republican government.
Philip II
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/12002a.htm
This article from the Catholic Encyclopedia describes the most powerful of the
European monarchs of the sixteenth century.
The Spanish Armada
http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/01727c.htm
This Catholic Encyclopedia entry describes the Spanish fleet of 130 ships and
over 30,000 men, built to counter the English navy and destroyed by her in the
famous weeklong battle in July 1588.
William Temple: Dutch Government
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17dutch.html
"Sir William Temple was ambassador to the Netherlands and wrote an account
of its government."
Bible: King James Version
http://www.hti.umich.edu/relig/kjv/
This web site from the University of Michigan provides a searchable interface to
the Bible.
The Execution of Charles I, History and Perspective
http://www.baylor.edu/~BIC/WCIII/Essays/charles.1.html
The following Baylor University web page is edited by Frieda H. Blackwell and
Jay Lousey from a chapter by Donald T. Siebert in Executions and the British
Experience from the 17th to the 20th Century: A Collection of Essays, William B.
Thesing, ed. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland1979).
Oliver Cromwell
http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon48.html
This site from Encyclopedia Britannica provides brief biographical information
about Oliver Cromwell.
Cardinal Richelieu, Political Testament
http://history.hanover.edu/early/richelie.htm
This Hanover College site presents Richelieu's account of the state of France in
1624, taken from his Testament politique (Amsterdam, 1689).
Chateau of Versailles
http://www.chateauversailles.fr/en/
This tour of Versailles provides both text and images depicting the people,
places, and masterpieces of Versailles as well as offering a glimpse of life at
the court.
The Court of Louis XIV
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17stsimon.html
This Internet Modern History Sourcebook account of life at the court is from The
Memoirs of the Duke de Saint-Simon (ed. F. Arkwright).
Letters, Patent Establishing the French Academy in 1635
http://history.hanover.edu/early/facademy.htm
This primary text explains the establishment of the French Academy, designed to
support French art and science.
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day
http://history.hanover.edu/early/massacre.htm
This primary text from a sixteenth century statesman and historian (De Thou)
describes the 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, when the forces of Charles
IX of France led the slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.
Jean Domat
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1687domat.html
This primary text from seventeenth century French jurist Jean Domat explains his
theory of royal absolutism. The text comes from the Internet Modern History
Sourcebook.
The Rise and Fall of the Absolute Monarchy
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/bnf/bnf0005.html
This exhibit from the Library of Congress is from their "Creating French
Culture" site. Both textual and graphic materials are provided to
illustrate French culture during the second part of the 17th century until the
end of the 18th century.
The Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/westphal.htm
This primary text of this important treaty ending the Thirty Years' War is from
the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School.
The Wars of Religion, Part I
http://www.lepg.org/wars.htm
This web site from Le Poulet Gauche provides an overview of the French religious
wars from 1562 to 1580.
The Wars of Religion, Part II
http://www.lepg.org/wars2.htm
Part II of this web site provides an overview of the religious wars in France
from 1584 to the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
Elizabethan Shakespearean Era Costume
http://members.aol.com/nebula5/tcpinfo2.html#history-eliz
This section of the Costume Page by Julie Zetterberg of Seattle, Washington,
provides a variety of links to web sites concerned with fashion and costume
during the Elizabethan era.
A General Study of the Plague in England, 1539--1640
http://www.gmtnet.co.uk/plague/
This web essay discusses in considerable detail the impact of the plague in
England and specifically in the Leicestershire town of Loughborough.
Information Available for the Parish of Rowner Near Portsmouth Southern
England in 1642.
http://www.portsdown.demon.co.uk/
This site provides a variety of information on rural life in the Parish of
Rowner, England (2 miles west of Portsmouth) in the early 17th century. Topics
addressed include demography, prices and wages, coinage, wills, farm life, and
military life.
Le Poulet Gauche
http://www.lepg.org/index.html
This extensive web site "designed to be a resource for historical
recreation" provides a guide to the history, culture and daily life of 16th
century France.
The Sixteenth Century
http://www.lepg.org/sixteen.htm
This web site from Le Poulet Gauche provides an overview of everyday life in the
16th century.
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